Fundamentals
The DAO tooling stack, layer by layer
Most DAOs assemble four or five tools and assume they connect. The seams between them are where decisions get lost.
Discussion and signalling
Forums and offchain voting shape opinion cheaply, but they produce no authority and no transaction.
Binding voting
Governor contracts turn a result into an authorised payload with quorum and threshold enforced onchain.
Execution
Multisigs, timelocks and executors carry the payload to the chain. This is the layer most stacks leave manual.